@article {20404, title = {The complete chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum camphora and its comparison with related Lauraceae species}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Cinnamomum camphora, a member of the Lauraceae family, is a valuable aromatic and timber tree that is indigenous to the south of China and Japan. All parts of Cinnamomum camphora have secretory cells containing different volatile chemical compounds that are utilized as herbal medicines and essential oils. Here, we reported the complete sequencing of the chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum camphora using illumina technology. The chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum camphora is 152,570 bp in length and characterized by a relatively conserved quadripartite structure containing a large single copy region of 93,705 bp, a small single copy region of 19,093 bp and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 19,886 bp. Overall, the genome contained 123 coding regions, of which 15 were repeated in the IR regions. An analysis of chloroplast sequence divergence revealed that the small single copy region was highly variable among the different genera in the Lauraceae family. A total of 40 repeat structures and 83 simple sequence repeats were detected in both the coding and non-coding regions. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that Calycanthus is most closely related to Lauraceae, both being members of Laurales, which forms a sister group to Magnoliids. The complete sequence of the chloroplast of Cinnamomum camphora will aid in in-depth taxonomical studies of the Lauraceae family in the future. The genetic sequence information will also have valuable applications for chloroplast genetic engineering.

}, keywords = {Chloroplast genome, Cinnamomum camphora, Illumina sequencing, Lauraceae, Phylogeny}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.3820}, author = {Chen, Caihui and Zheng, Yongjie and Liu, Sian and Zhong, Yongda and Wu, Yanfang and Li, Jiang and Xu, Li-An and Xu, Meng} } @article {20401, title = {The complete chloroplast genomes of the evergreen tree species Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Laurales: Lauraceae)}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Complete chloroplast genomes were characterized for two economically important tree species, Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon. The chloroplast genomes are 152,721 bp (C. camphora) and 152,760 bp (C. parthenoxylon) long, respectively, and both comprise a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions, separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region and a small single-copy (SSC) region. The same panel of 112 gene species were annotated for both species, including 78 protein-coding (PCG), 30 tRNA, and 4 rRNA gene species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the species delimitation and interrelationship of C. camphora and C. parthenoxylon may need further investigation.

}, doi = {10.1080/23802359.2019.1574677}, author = {Wu, Yi and Wei, Wei and Liu, Li and Liu, Gang and Guo, Qi-Qiang and Qian, Zeng-Qiang} } @article {20398, title = {A revision of Cinnamomum Schaeff. (Lauraceae) for Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore}, journal = {Gardens{\textquoteright} Bulletin Singapore}, volume = {71}, year = {2019}, pages = {89-139}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

A revision of all species of the genus Cinnamomum Schaeff. (Lauraceae) occurring in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore is presented with a summary of taxonomic history, notable features of morphology, a key to species, and a description, distribution map, Provisional IUCN Conservation Assessment for each species, together with notes on ecology and ethnobotany. In this revision, twenty-two distinct species are recognised, including one former variety that is elevated to species level as Cinnamomum selangorense (Ridl.) de Kok. Eleven names are lectotypified (Camphora inuncta Nees; Cinnamomum cinereum Gamble, C. graciliflorum Gamble, C. malaccense Meisn., C. ridleyi Gamble, C. rhynchophyllum Miq., C. sintoc Blume, C. subcuneatum Miq., C. velutinum Ridl., and C. vimineum Wall. ex Nees; Laurus malabathrum Wall. ex Nees), and five names are placed into synonymy for the first time. A small number of species are considered to have a Provisional IUCN Conservation Assessment of Least Concern, while most are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, with one species considered to be Data Deficient (Cinnamomum trintaense Kosterm.).

}, doi = {10.26492/gbs71(1).2019-07}, author = {Rogier P.J. de Kok} } @article {20397, title = {Incongruence of morphological determinations and DNA barcode sequences: a case study in Cinnamomum (Lauraceae)}, journal = {Willdenowia}, volume = {49}, year = {2019}, pages = {383-400}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

In the course of molecular systematic studies of Lauraceae we received a sample of a plant cultivated under the name Cinnamomum porrectum in the Botanical Garden M\ünchen-Nymphenburg. Preliminary determinations, both morphologically based on the Flora of China (Li \& al. 2008) and by chloroplast sequences (psbA-trnH spacer, trnK intron including matK gene, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer and trnQ-rps16 spacer) obtained by Sanger sequencing suggested that it was C. camphora, still the plant looked different from other individuals of C. camphora cultivated in the botanical gardens of Berlin, Hamburg, Mainz, Munich and Oldenburg. Attempts to sequence the more informative nuclear internal transcribed spacer repeatedly led to mixed signals. We therefore used Illumina sequencing on a set of pre-amplified molecular markers (ITS, trnK 3\′ and 5\′ intron, trnL intron, and the intergenic spacers psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF, as well as parts of the trnQ-rps16 spacer), and downloaded available sequences of C. camphora and C. parthenoxylon from GenBank for comparison. Considerable differences were found among these sequences, but the haplotype groups do not coincide with the current species determinations. Particularly the internal transcribed spacer sequences are rather diverse, suggesting possible misidentifications, contaminations, and/or a common gene pool that is larger than anticipated. Concerning the plant in question, our results suggest that it may be a hybrid, with C. camphora as the maternal and another species, possibly C. parthenoxylon, as the paternal parent.

}, keywords = {Cinnamomum, interspecific hybridization, ITS, Lauraceae, matK, NGS, psbA-trnH spacer, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer, trnQ-rps16 spacer}, doi = {10.3372/wi.49.49309}, author = {Rohwer, Jens G. and Trofimov, Dimitrij and Mayland-Quellhorst, Eike and Albach, Dirk} } @article {20394, title = {A new species and new combinations of Neotropical Cinnamomum}, journal = {Novon}, volume = {27}, year = {2019}, month = {06/2019}, pages = {137-139}, chapter = {137}, abstract = {

A new species of Cinnamomum Schaeff. from the Pacific coast of Ecuador is described and discussed. Cinnamomum latifolium van der Werff is distinctive for its broad triplinerved leaves with canaliculate petioles, densely pubescent young twigs, and 2-locular inner stamens. In addition, six species recently described in Aiouea Aubl. should, in this author\’s opinion, be placed within Cinnamomum. The new combinations C.ampullaceum (Lorea-Hern.) van der Werff, C. hirsutum (Lorea-Hern.) van der Werff, C. paratriplinerve (Lorea-Hern.) van der Werff, C. pseudoglaziovii (Lorea-Hern.) van der Werff, C. rubrinervium (Lorea-Hern.) van derWerff, and C. uninervium (Lorea-Hern.) van der Werff are accordingly published. The author citation of the recently transferred C. baitelloanum van der Werff \& P.L.R. Moraes to Aiouea is rejected.

}, keywords = {Aiouea, Cinnamomum, Ecuador, Lauraceae, new species}, doi = {10.3417/2019346}, author = {van der Werff, Henk} } @article {20367, title = {A new species of Cinnamomum and notes on the status of C. palghatensis in Western Ghats, India}, journal = {Phytotaxa}, volume = {326}, year = {2017}, month = {10/2017}, pages = {252-258}, chapter = {252}, abstract = {

Cinnamomum gamblei, a new species of Lauraceae is described from Western Ghats, India. The new species resembles C. macrocarpum by having large fruit, but is easily recognized by its habit, leaf morphology, shape and size of tepals and 4-locellate stamens in whorl III. A detailed description along with images, distribution details, comparison with related species and other relevant notes are provided for its easy identification. The status of C. palghatensis is also discussed here.

}, keywords = {Cinnamomum, Kerala, new species, Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.326.4.3}, author = {M.P. Geethakumary and S. Deepu and A.G. Pandurangan} } @article {20357, title = {A new species of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) from the Bladen Nature Reserve, southern Belize}, journal = {PhytoKeys}, volume = {81}, year = {2017}, month = {06/2017}, pages = {1-10}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

A new species in the Lauraceae, Cinnamomum bladenense S.W. Brewer \& G.L. Stott, is described from the Bladen Nature Reserve in southern Belize. The new species is similar to Cinnamomum brenesii (Standl.) Kosterm., from which it differs by its much smaller, narrowly-campanulate flowers, its inner tepals glabrous abaxially, its shorter petioles, its minutely sericeous younger twigs, and its abaxial leaf surfaces not glaucous and with prominent secondary venation. A description, preliminary conservation assessment, and photographs of the species as well as a key to and notes on the Cinnamomum of Belize are provided.

}, keywords = {Belize, Bladen Nature Reserve, Central America, Cinnamomum, Lauraceae, Maya Mountains}, doi = {10.3897/phytokeys.81.13256}, author = {Brewer, Steven W. and Stott, Gail L.} } @article {20356, title = {Three new species of Lauraceae from the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil}, journal = {Phytotaxa}, volume = {316}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, pages = {149-160}, chapter = {149}, abstract = {

Three South-American new species belonging to Cinnamomum, Mezilaurus, and Williamodendron, are described and illustrated from specimens collected in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil. The new species are Cinnamomum baitelloanum,
Mezilaurus sessiliflora, and Williamodendron itamarajuensis. Their putative relationships within the respective genus are discussed.

}, keywords = {Bahia, Cinnamomum, Esp{\'\i}rito Santo, Mezilaurus, new species, Williamodendron}, issn = {ISSN 1179-3155}, doi = {10.11646/phytotaxa.316.2.4}, author = {Pedro L.R. de Moraes} } @article {20346, title = {Phylogenetic study of the genus Nectandra (Lauraceae), and reinstatement of Damburneya}, journal = {Taxon}, volume = {65}, year = {2016}, month = {10/2016}, pages = {980-996}, chapter = {980}, abstract = {

Earlier studies indicated that the genus Nectandra, currently the second-largest genus of the Neotropical Lauraceae, might be diphyletic in its traditional circumscription, but the evidence was not quite conclusive. Our phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (psbA-trnH) sequences of 45 Nectandra species as well as 42 representatives of 18 genera of the core Lauraceae (Ocotea complex, Laureae, Aiouea, Asian Cinnamomum and Persea groups) confirm the suspicion that Nectandra is diphyletic. The two groups, Nectandra s.str. and the N. coriacea group, are each well supported in the maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses, but they are not sister to each other. Nectandra s.str. is sister to Pleurothyrium, and the clade including Nectandra s.str. and Pleurothyrium is very likely closer to the dioecious taxa of the Ocotea complex. The N. coriacea group, on the other hand, appears to be closer to bisexual taxa known as the Ocotea helicterifolia group. In addition, Nectandra s.str. is characterized by a large deletion in the psbA-trnH spacer compared to all other core Lauraceae, including its sister group Pleurothyrium. Considering these facts, Nectandra cannot be maintained in the traditional sense. We therefore transfer the species of the N. coriacea group to the oldest generic name applied to this group, Damburneya . On the basis of fossil records from the American subcontinents and in accordance with previous phylogenetic and molecular clock studies we suggest a scenario of a climate-driven migration from North to South America, with a subsequent rapid radiation of Nectandra s.str. in South America.

}, author = {Trofimov, Dimitrij and Rudolph, Barbara and Rohwer, Jens G.} } @inbook {20336, title = {Lauraceae}, booktitle = {Flore du Cameroun}, volume = {18}, year = {1974}, pages = {3-87}, publisher = {Mus{\'e}um National d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle}, organization = {Mus{\'e}um National d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle}, address = {Paris}, author = {Fouilloy, R. and Aubr{\'e}ville, Andr{\'e} and Leroy, Jean-F.} } @book {20330, title = {Systema materiae medicae vegetabilis brasiliensis}, year = {1843}, publisher = {Frid. Fleischer; Frid. Beck}, organization = {Frid. Fleischer; Frid. Beck}, address = {Leipzig [Lipsiae]; Wien [Vindobonae]}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/38662$\#$page/3/mode/1up}, author = {Martius, Carl F.P. von} } @article {20329, title = {Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum ( Lauraceae ) in Borneo}, journal = {Blumea}, volume = {56}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, pages = {241-264}, chapter = {241}, url = {http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/nhn/00065196/v56n3/s11.pdf?expires=1453025237\&id=85771915\&titleid=75002419\&accname=Guest+User\&checksum=EA93CB513333A70CA7BE8BCDA2994311}, author = {Wuu-Kuang Soh} } @article {20321, title = {The Lauraceous collections of Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in the Flora Brasiliensis}, journal = {Harvard Papers in Botany}, volume = {20}, year = {2015}, month = {12/2015}, pages = {167-197}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Abstract. This study refers to specimens of Lauraceae collected in Brazil by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius between 1817 and 1820. He collected 57 currently accepted species of Lauraceae, which belong to nine genera: Aniba, Cassytha, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Dicypellium, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea, and Persea, for which Martius is known to have made about 99 different collections. The vast majority of them are nomenclatural types and, taking into account the synonyms involved, encompassing 26 holotypes, 23 lectotypes, and 30 syntypes. Besides Martius himself, early descriptions and citations of these materials were made by Nees von Esenbeck, Meissner, and Mez, the first monographers of the family. Martius\’s collections were the basis for the Flora Brasiliensis, where the taxonomic treatment of Lauraceae was made by the Swiss botanist Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner in 1866, being of particular interest for indicating all the collections examined and available at that time. Here, we provide an annotated and updated list of 60 entries with information on the status of the names and their types, currently accepted names, collections found in different herbaria, accompanied by an Index to Scientific names and an Index to Collections. Although there are no cases of specimens of Lauraceae collected by Martius from his \“Martii Herbarium Florae Brasiliensis,\” they are also listed here since they have been attributed to him in literature. Lectotypes for two names, Cryptocarya speciosa, and Nectandra nitidula var. maior, are designated, and a new synonymy is proposed.

}, doi = {10.3100/hpib.v20iss2.2015.n7}, author = {Pedro L.R. de Moraes and Falcade, Anderson} } @article {19834, title = {New Lauraceae from the Malayan region. II.}, journal = {Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew}, year = {1910}, pages = {218-228}, chapter = {218}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42868$\#$page/234/mode/1up}, author = {Gamble, J.S.} } @article {20313, title = {Nine new taxa and a new combination in Lauraceae from India and Myanmar}, journal = {Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy}, volume = {15}, year = {2008}, pages = {89-106}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Nine new taxa belonging to the genera Actinodaphne Nees, Beilschmiedia Nees, Cinnamomum Schaeff. and Cryptocarya R. Br. of the family Lauraceae are described and
illustrated from India and Myanmar. One new combination of the family has also been appended.

}, keywords = {Actinodaphne, Beilschmiedia, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Lauraceae, New combination, New taxa, Potameia tirunelvelica}, author = {Gangopadhyay, M.} } @article {20297, title = {Preliminary investigation for the identification of Sri Lankan Cinnamomum species using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence related amplified polymorphic (SRAP) markers}, journal = {Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka}, volume = {42}, year = {2014}, pages = {201-208}, chapter = {201}, doi = {10.4038/jnsfsr.v42i3.7393}, author = {Abeysinghe, P. D. and Samarajeewa, N. G. C. D. and Li, G. and Wijesinghe, K. G. G.} } @book {20295, title = {Flora of the British West Indian Islands}, year = {1860}, publisher = {Lovell Reeve \& Co.}, organization = {Lovell Reeve \& Co.}, address = {London}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/3740$\#$page/4/mode/1up}, author = {Grisebach, August} } @article {20287, title = {Catalogus plantarum, ad societatem, ineunte anno 1792, e Cayenna missarum a domino Le Blond}, journal = {Actes de la Société d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle de Paris}, volume = {1}, year = {1792}, pages = {105-114}, chapter = {105}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/163187$\#$page/139/mode/1up}, author = {Richard, Louis C.M.} } @article {20266, title = {Flora of Costa Rica, Part II}, journal = {Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical series}, volume = {18}, year = {1937}, month = {10/1937}, pages = {401-780}, chapter = {401}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19747$\#$page/9/mode/1up}, author = {Standley, Paul C.} } @book {20226, title = {Biologia Centrali-Americana, Botany}, volume = {3}, year = {1882}, publisher = {R. H. Porter; Dulau \& Co.}, organization = {R. H. Porter; Dulau \& Co.}, address = {London}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14640$\#$page/1/mode/1up}, author = {Hemsley, William B. and Godman, Frederick D. and Salvin, Osbert} } @article {20223, title = {New Lauraceae from Southern India}, journal = {Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew}, volume = {1925}, year = {1925}, month = {04/1925}, pages = {126-132}, chapter = {126}, author = {Gamble, J.S.} } @article {20129, title = {Taxonomic status and composition of stem bark oil of a variant of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Lauraceae) from Northeast India}, journal = {Nordic Journal of Botany}, volume = {21}, year = {2002}, pages = {571-576}, chapter = {571}, author = {Akhil Baruah and Nath, S. C.} } @article {20056, title = {A forgotten Ceylonese cinnamon-tree (Cinnamomum capparu-coronde Bl.)}, journal = {Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {1973}, pages = {119-121}, chapter = {119}, author = {Kostermans, A.J.G.H.} } @article {19957, title = {Cinnamomum purpureum (Lauraceae): a new species from Guangdong, China}, journal = {Novon}, volume = {16}, year = {2006}, pages = {439-442}, chapter = {439}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11160073$\#$page/449/mode/1up}, author = {Ye, Yushi and Ye, Huagu and Wang, Faguo} } @book {19939, title = {Les plantes utiles des colonies françaises}, year = {1886}, publisher = {Imprimerie Nationale}, organization = {Imprimerie Nationale}, address = {Paris}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124671$\#$page/1/mode/1up}, author = {de Lanessan, Jean M. A.} } @article {19889, title = {Decades plantarum novarum. LXXV-LXXIX.}, journal = { Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis}, volume = {10}, year = {1912}, pages = {369-378}, chapter = {369}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7031$\#$page/375/mode/1up}, author = {L{\'e}veill{\'e}, Hector} } @article {19896, title = {Plantae Chinenses Forrestianae}, journal = {Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh}, volume = {5}, year = {1912}, pages = {161-308}, chapter = {161}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96820$\#$page/327/mode/1up}, author = {Diels, Ludwig} } @article {19889, title = {Decades plantarum novarum. LIX-LXX.}, journal = { Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis}, volume = {9}, year = {1911}, pages = {441-463}, chapter = {441}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7029$\#$page/448/mode/1up}, author = {L{\'e}veill{\'e}, Hector} } @book {19887, title = {Prodromus Florae Nepalensis}, year = {1825}, publisher = {J. Gale}, organization = {J. Gale}, address = {London}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/1820$\#$page/2/mode/1up}, author = {Don, David} } @book {19870, title = {Flora Hongkongensis}, year = {1861}, publisher = {Lovell Reeve}, organization = {Lovell Reeve}, address = {London}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63955$\#$page/367/mode/1up}, author = {Bentham, George} } @article {19867, title = {Quelques Laurac{\'e}es d{\textquoteright}Extr{\^e}me-Orient}, journal = {Notulae Systematicae}, volume = {2}, year = {1913}, pages = {329-336}, chapter = {329}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7369$\#$page/340/mode/1up}, author = {Lecomte, Henri} } @article {19829, title = {Lauraceae from Mt. Apo and Mt. Giting-Giting}, journal = {Leaflets of Philippine Botany}, volume = {2}, year = {1910}, pages = {703-728}, chapter = {703}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6761$\#$page/322/mode/1up}, author = {Elmer, Adolph D.E.} } @book {19827, title = {Flora Cochinchinensis}, volume = {1}, year = {1790}, pages = {353}, publisher = {Typis et expensis Academicis}, organization = {Typis et expensis Academicis}, address = {Ulyssipone [Lisbon]}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89540$\#$page/281/mode/1up}, author = {Loureiro, Jo{\~a}o} } @book {19826, title = {Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indi{\"e}}, volume = {11}, year = {1826}, publisher = {Ter Lands Drukkerij}, organization = {Ter Lands Drukkerij}, address = {Batavia}, url = {http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9224$\#$page/249/mode/1up}, author = {Blume, Carl L} } @article {19808, title = {Cinnamomum alexei Kosterm. (Lauraceae) - a new record for India}, journal = {Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy}, volume = {18}, year = {2011}, pages = {199-201}, chapter = {199}, keywords = {India, new record}, author = {E.S. Santhosh_Kumar and M.P. Gheetha_Kumary and A.G. Pandurangan} } @book {18732, title = {Cinnamon and Cassia the genus Cinnamomum}, series = {Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles}, volume = {36}, year = {2004}, pages = {1-361}, publisher = {CRC Press}, organization = {CRC Press}, address = {Boca Raton, Florida 33431}, issn = {0-415-31755-X}, author = {Ravindran, P.N. and Nirmal Babu, K. and Shylaja, M.}, editor = {Hardman, Roland} } @article {18726, title = {Homalanthus costatus Mai: a new Miocene fruit of Cinnamomum Schaeffer (Lauraceae)}, journal = {Palaeontographica. Abteilung B. Pal{\"a}ophytologie}, volume = {232}, year = {1994}, month = {05/1994}, pages = {155-174}, keywords = {Lauraceae; Cinnamomum; diaspores; Miocene; Europe}, author = {Pingen, M. and David K. Ferguson and Collinson, M. E.} } @article {18499, title = {Laur{\'a}ceas do estado de S{\~a}o Paulo - IV: Phoebe}, journal = {Hoehnea}, volume = {1}, year = {1971}, pages = {179-193}, author = {Coe-Teixeira, Beulah} } @article {18478, title = {Cinnamomum chemungianum (Lauraceae): a new species from Kerala, southern India}, journal = {Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society}, volume = {88}, year = {1991}, pages = {97-99}, author = {Mohan, M. and Henry, A.N.} } @article {18405, title = {Nomenclatural notes on the Lauraceae of the Lesser Antilles}, journal = {Journal of the Arnold Arboretum}, volume = {62}, year = {1981}, pages = {45-61}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33625$\#$page/47}, author = {Howard, Richard A.} }